The 4 R’s of dementia are Reassure, Reconsider, Redirect, and Relax. Reassure means using a calm voice and familiar words to make the person feel safe. Reconsider means looking for unmet needs like pain or hunger behind difficult behaviour. Redirect means gently guiding attention to a simple task or activity. Relax means keeping the carer calm to avoid passing on stress. These steps help manage confusion without arguing. The approach focuses on comfort and understanding rather than control. Different sources word them slightly differently, but the ideas are practical for daily care.